Inlad fisheries in Poland - praca zbiorowa pod red. J.A. Szczerbowskiego, 1993, Wyd. IRS, s. 570, tłum. M. Bnińska
Authors:
Jan A. Szczerbowski
Bogusław Zdanowski
Andrzej Krüger
Wiktor Dembiński
Krzysztof Goryczko
Konstanty Lossow
Ryszard Bartel
Maria Studnicka
Janusz Zamojski
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 1
INTRODUCTION 13
INLAND WATERS J. A. Szczerbowski et al. 17
General characteristics 17
Rivers 20
Classification of rivers 23
Dam reservoirs 31
Classification of dam reservoirs 34
Lakes 37
Ponds 49
Trout ponds K. Goryczko 50
Carp ponds A. Krüger 54
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS ORGANISMS J. A. Szczerbowski, B. Zdanowski 63
Abiotic factors 63
Morphology of water bodies 63
Water movement 64
Temperature 68
Light 73
Dissolved gases 77
Oxygen 77
Carbon dioxide 82
Nitrogen 83
Methane 83
Hydrogen sulfide 83
Ammonia and other gases 83
pH of water 84
Chemical composition of water 86
Salinity 89
Nutrients 91
Carbon 91
Phosphorus 91
Nitrogen 92
Silicon 93
Sulfur 93
Iron 93
Microelements 93
Organic substances 95
Suspended solids and bottom sediments 97
Biotic factors J. A. Szczerbowski 100
Ecological classification 100
Microorganisms 100
Higher vegetation 103
Animals 108
Protozoans (Protozoa) 108
Sponges (Porifera) 109
Coelenterates (Coelenterata) 109
Platyhelminths (Platyhelminthes) 109
Rotifers (Rotifera) 110
Annelids (Annelida) 110
Leeches (Hirudinea) 110
Molluscs (Mollusca) 110
Arthropods (Arthropoda) 111
Arachnids 113
Insects (Insecta) 113
Fish (Pisces) 116
Amphibians (Amphibia) 118
Birds (Aves) 118
Mammals (Mammalia) 120
Water eutrophication B. Zdanowski 121
General considerations 121
Nutrient content in lakes 122
Nutrient inflow from the catchment area 123
Nutrient input from bottom sediments 125
The role of fish in the circulation of matter 127
Environmental changes due to eutrophication 129
The effect of eutrophication on local fish stocks 132
Water pollution K. Lossow 134
Quality of Polish inland waters 134
Sources and bio-chemical effects of polluting agents 135
Bio-chemical effects of pollution in inland waters 138
Self-purification of waters 142
Pollution treatment and sludge processing 145
ECOLOGICAL BASES OF INLAND FISHERIES J. A. Szczerbowski 153
Pre-conditions of fish production 153
Population density 161
Reproductive habits and potential 162
Mortality 165
Age composition 168
Fish population dynamics 170
Life span and rate of growth 171
Population migrations 172
Fish production 173
Interactions between species and fish feeding behaviour 174
The effect of fishing on population dynamics 177
BIOLOGY, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, BREEDING, FARMING, AND EXPLOITATION OF CRAYFISH, MINNOWS AND FISH 179
Systematics and nomenclature J. A. Szczerbowski 179
Crayfish J. A. Szczerbowski 180
Astacus astacus L. 181
Astacus leptodactylus Esch. 181
Orconectes limosus Raf. 181
American crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana 182
Principles of crayfish exploitation and culture 182
Lampreys J. A. Szczerbowski 184
Sea lamprey - Petromyzon marinus L. 185
Lampern, river lamprey - Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) 185
Brook lamprey - Lampetra planeri (Bloch) 185
Fishes J. A. Szczerbowski et al. 186
Sturgeons - Acipenseridae 190
Great sturgeon - Huso huso L. 190
Sterlet - Acipenser ruthenus L. 191
Siberian sturgeon - Acipenser baeri Brandt 191
Russian sturgeon - Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt 191
Sturgeon - Acipenser sturio L. 191
Eels - Anguillidae 192
European eel - Anguilla anguilla (L.) 192
Salmonids - Salmonidae 199
Atlantic salmon - Salmo salar L. R. Bartel 199
Sea trout - Salmo trutta L. R. Bartel 202
Sea trout - Salmo trutta m. trutta L. 202
Lake trout - Salmo trutta m. lacustris L. 205
Brown trout - Salmo trutta m. fario L. R. Bartel 206
Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson K. Goryczko 207
Trout culture and farming 209
Reproduction 212
Fry rearing 212
Farming of the market fish 216
Feeding 218
Brook trout - Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) K. Goryczko 223
Huchen - Hucho hucho (L.) 224
Coregonids - Coregonidae 226
Vendace (cisco) - Coregonus albula (L.) 226
Whitefish - Coregonus lavaretus (L.) 231
Peled - Coregonus peled Gmel. 236
Thymallids - Thymallidae 238
Grayling - Thymallus thymallus (L.) 238
Osmerids - Osmeridae 240
Smelt - Osmerus eperlanus (L.) 240
Umbrids - Umbridae 241
Rudd minnow - Umbra krameri Wal. 241
Esocids - Esocidae 242
Pike - Esox lucius (L.) 242
Cyprinids - Cyprinidae 247
Roach - Rutilus rutilus (L.) 247
Dace - Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) 249
Chub - Leuciscus cephalus (L.) 249
Ide - Leuciscus idus (L.) 250
Lake minnow - Phoxinus percnurus (Pall.) 251
Minnow - Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) 251
Rudd - Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) 252
Grass carp - Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) 252
Asp - Aspius aspius (L.) 254
Lake aspe - Leucaspius delineatus (Heck.) 255
Tench - Tinca tinca (L.) 255
Nase - Chondrostoma nasus (L.) 258
Gudgeon - Gobio gobio (L.) 258
Dnestr longwhiskered gudgeon - Gobio kessleri Dyb. 259
White-fined gudgeon - Gobio albipinnatus L. 259
Barbel - Barbus barbus (L.) 259
Balkan barbel - Barbus meridionalis petenyi Heck 259
Barbus cyclolepis waleckii Rol. 260
Bleak - Alburnus alburnus (L.) 260
Riffle minnow - Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch) 260
White bream - Blicca bjoerkna (L.) 261
Bream - Abramis brama (L.) 261
Blue bream - Abramis ballerus (L.) 264
Vimba - Vimba vimba (L.) 264
SabrefishPelecus cultratus (L.) 267
Bitterling - Rhodeus sericeus amarus (Bloch) 267
Crucian carp - Carassius carassius (L.) 267
Goldfish - Carassius auratus (L.) 269
Common carp - Cyprinus carpio (L.) A. Krüger 271
Basic Features of Carp Culture 273
Culture of carp brood stock 275
Reproduction of common carp 276
Carp larvae rearing 280
Culture of seed fish in the first year 283
Culture of seed fish in the second year 293
Culture of market fish 297
Carp culture in lakes 299
Silver carp - Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.) 300
Bullhead carp - Aristichthys nobilis (Rich.) 307
Cobitids - Cobitidae 307
Stone loach - Nemachilus barbatulus (L.) 308
Spined loach - Cobitis taenia L. 308
Gold loach - Cobitis aurata (Filippi) 308
Whaeterfish - Misgurnus fossilis (L.) 309
Catfishes - Siluridae 309
Wels - Silurus glanis L. 309
North American catfishes - Ictaluridae 311
Brown bullhead - Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur) 311
Cods - Gadidae 312
Burbot - Lota lota L. 312
Sticklebacks - Gasterosteidae 312
Ten-spined stickleback - Pungitius pungitius (L.) 313
Three-spined stickleback - Gasterosteus aculeatus L. 313
Bullheads - Cottidae 313
Bullhead - Cottus gobio L. 313
Alpine bullhead - Cottus poecilopus Heck. 314
Basses - Centrarchidae 314
Largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides (L.) 315
Sunfish - Lepomis gibbosus (L.) 316
Percids - Percidae 316
Pikeperch - Stizostedion lucioperca (L.) 316
Perch - Perca fluviatlis L. 322
Ruffe - Gymnocephalus cernua L. 323
INLAND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN POLAND J. A. Szczerbowski et al. 325
Legal status of inland fisheries 325
Inland fisheries in Poland 327
Basic principles and elements of fishery management 330
Fisheries in rivers and streams 333
Fisheries in dam reservoirs 334
Lake fisheries 334
Pond fish culture A. Krüger 337
Fish culture with commercial methods 346
Fishery amelioration measures 351
Habitat enhancement in flowing waters 351
Amelioration measures in stagnant waters 359
Improvement of local fish reproduction 361
Prevention of fish kills 362
Lake restoration 363
Artificial fish reproduction, egg incubation and rearing of the stocking material
A. Krüger, K. Goryczko, J. A. Szczerbowski 364
Collection, transportation and handling of the spawners 364
Hypophysation 370
Fish anaesthetisation 371
Artificial spawning 372
Egg incubation 378
Care of eggs and larvae 383
Transport of stocking material 387
Stocking 397
River and stream stocking 398
Lake and reservoir stocking 401
Introduction and acclimatization 403
Preservation and protection of fish stocks 404
Fishing gear and techniques W. Dembiński 408
Materials for fishing gear 408
Fibres 408
Twines 409
Ropes 411
Steel and fibre-steel lines 413
Technical characteristics of nettings 413
Basic principles of net making 418
Cutting of the netting 418
Joining of the netting 419
Hanging of the nettings (net assembly) 419
Setting the nets 423
Types of the fishing gear and fishing techniques 424
Surrounding nets 427
Seines 427
Trawling gear 434
Dragged gear 435
Dip or lift nets 436
Cast nets 436
Gill nets and entangling nets 436
Fish traps 438
Stationary trap constructions 448
Fishing with hooks 449
Spear gear 451
Electric fishing gear 451
Storage, initial preservation and transport of market fish J. Zamojski 454
Keeping the fish alive 456
Transport of live fish 461
Fresh fish 463
Methods of maintaining the quality of fresh fish 464
Fish freezing 467
The effect of freezing on fish product quality 468
Technical requirements for storing frozen fish 469
Transport of cooled fish products 470
Fish kills and losses to the fisheries 471
Production losses in pond farming 472
Damages to lake and river fisheries 473
FISH HEALTH M. Studnicka 477
The effects of stress on fishes 477
Stress prevention 479
Immunity and infections 482
Pathogenic properties of microorganisms 482
Determinants of non-specific and specific immunity 482
Stimulation of non-specific immunity 484
Effects of feeding on fish health 486
More important fish diseases 488
Viral diseases 488
Bacterial diseases 490
Carp erythrodermatitis 490
Furunculosis 490
Vibriosis 490
Myxobacteriosis 491
Swim bladder inflammation 491
Diseases caused by fungi 492
Diseases caused by parasites 493
Liver degeneration 493
Diseases caused by environmental impacts 494
Bronchionecrosis 494
General prophylaxy to avoid fish diseases 494
REFERENCES 497
AUTHOR INDEX 515
TAXONOMIC INDEX 521
SUBJECT INDEX 527